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Virginia Oncology Associates

Virginia Oncology Associates

Gynecologic Cancer

Cancer Center » Gynecologic Cancer » Signs and Symptoms

Signs and Symptoms of Gynecologic Cancers

Gynecologic cancer is the broad term for cancers of the female reproductive system. These cancers are divided into categories based on the origin of the cancer, including ovaries, cervix, endometrium, uterus, vulva, and vagina. Signs and symptoms of gynecologic cancers can vary depending on their location and can also resemble symptoms of other gynecologic conditions. It’s important to know what these symptoms are, so you know when to contact your doctor.

Ovarian Cancer Symptoms

Ovarian cancer is cancer affecting one or both ovaries. For many women, early development of ovarian cancer does not include noticeable symptoms, or if symptoms occur, they mimic common stomach and digestive issues. Since there is no screening test, this form of cancer is often found at advanced stages. If you notice one or more of the following over a few weeks, contact your gynecologist.

  • Bloating that does not go away or a sudden increase in the size of your abdomen. Note, it's common to experience some bloating right before your menstrual period.
  • Increased frequency of urination with no change in fluid intake.
  • Pain, swelling, or the feeling of pressure in the abdomen that cannot be explained by common gastrointestinal issues (i.e., gas or constipation).
  • Changes in appetite or feeling full quickly when eating.
  • Unexplained nausea or vomiting
  • Changes in your menstrual cycle, especially heavy or irregular bleeding. Any bleeding or spotting in postmenopausal women is of concern.
  • Pain during sex or bleeding after sex.

Cervical Cancer Symptoms

Cervical cancer starts in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. Due to regular screening, cervical cancer is often found in very early stages. This screening test is called a PAP smear. It is an exam that looks for signs of irregular cells on the cervix that could lead to cancer. Regular screening has proven to significantly reduce deaths from cervical cancer, but it’s still important to be aware of symptoms that may develop between screenings.

  • Changes in your menstrual cycle, including heavier bleeding, a longer cycle than normal, or spotting between periods. If you are postmenopausal, any bleeding or spotting is of concern.
  • Bleeding after intercourse, pelvic exam, or using a douche.
  • Unusual vaginal discharge that can be watery, bloody, or have a foul odor.
  • Pain during sex or bleeding after sex.
  • Persistent pain in the pelvis or lower back that has no obvious explanation.
  • If the cancer has spread to nearby tissues or organs, you can also have blood in your urine or difficulty urinating. You may also see blood in your bowel movements or experience diarrhea/constipation.

Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer Symptoms

Cancer in the uterus is most often referred to as endometrial cancer since it is the most common type of uterine cancer. Endometrial cancer forms in the tissue lining the uterus. There are no regular screening tests for uterine cancer, but because it produces symptoms at an early stage, it is usually caught early. Understanding the symptoms of endometrial cancer is important.

  • The most common symptom is unusual bleeding, especially after menopause. About 90% of endometrial cancer patients experience unusual vaginal bleeding.
  • Pain or pressure in the pelvis (usually most common in the later stage of the disease).
  • Unexplained weight loss (common in later-stage disease).

Vulvar Cancer Symptoms

Vulvar cancer is cancer on the outer surface of the female genitalia, most often affecting the labia. Vulvar cancer can be diagnosed at any age, but the risk of development increases with age. Symptoms may include:

  • Pain and tenderness.
  • Itching.
  • Bleeding or spotting between periods.
  • Color changes or thickening of the skin.
  • Lumps or bumps.
  • An open sore on your genital area.

Some of these symptoms can be related to other common conditions, including certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs), but should still be checked out and properly treated to avoid complications.

Vaginal Cancer Symptoms

Vaginal cancer is rare, and two-thirds of the cases of vaginal cancer are caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Like other gynecologic cancers, it doesn’t tend to show symptoms until it has progressed. Symptoms may include:

  • A lump or mass in your vagina.
  • Unusual vaginal discharge or bleeding.
  • Pain while urinating.
  • Increased frequency of urination or difficulty urinating.
  • Constipation.
  • Unexplained pain in your pelvis.

For women who are seeing a gynecologist for annual pelvic exams, some of these cancers can be detected early. It's important to note when you feel different or notice symptoms out of the ordinary. Don’t wait until your next regular exam to ask questions if you notice anything unusual lasting more than a few weeks. In many cases, there may be a non-cancerous issue, but you don’t want to wait too long to find out.

If you have any of the signs or symptoms above, especially if you have them in combination, you should talk to your gynecologist. They can run screening and diagnostic tests to determine the cause of your symptoms. Your gynecologist will tell you if they feel it is necessary to make an appointment with a gynecologic oncologist, a doctor who specializes in treating female cancers.

For gynecologic cancer treatment in Hampton Roads and northeast North Carolina, find a gynecologic oncologist at a Virginia Oncology Associates location nearest you. We provide access to the latest cancer treatments, including minimally invasive surgery, while delivering compassionate, personalized care.

Virginia Oncology Associates